![]() After updating Windows 10 to a higher version than 2004, you have downloaded and installed DirectX 12 Ultimate on your Windows 10 computer. To check your current Windows 10 version after Windows Update, you can type winver in Run dialog again. You can update your Windows 10 OS to a newer version that is higher than Version 2004. Windows will automatically download and display newer versions of Windows 10. Then click Start -> Settings -> Update & Security -> Windows Update, and click Check for updates button. If your OS version number is lower than 2004, then you can only get DirectX 12 downloaded on your Windows 10 computer. If your Windows 10 version is Version 2004 or higher, then you can download DirectX 12 Ultimate on your computer. Press Windows + R, type winver, and press Enter to check which version of Windows 10 is installed on your computer. But if the version of your DirectX is not DirectX 12 or you want to download DirectX 12 Ultimate on Windows 10, you can follow the instructions below. If you are running on Windows 10 OS, then you’ve already installed DirectX 12. The DirectX update will come along with Windows Update. To download and install the latest version of DirectX 12 (Ultimate) on Windows 10 or Windows 11, you can use Windows Update. There are no standalone packages for DirectX 12 or DirectX 12 Ultimate. How to Update the Drivers for DirectX 12 (Ultimate)ĭirectX 12 (Ultimate) Download for Windows 10/11 PC. ![]() Fix Your System Does Not Support DirectX 12 Ultimate.DirectX 12 (Ultimate) Download for Windows 10/11 PC.For more computer tips and tricks, please visit MiniTool Software website. It also introduces what is DirectX 12, DirectX 12 Ultimate, DirectX 12 (Ultimate) requirements, how to install the latest version of DirectX, and how to update the drivers for your DirectX 12 (Ultimate). This post provides a detailed guide for DirectX 12 (Ultimate) download for Windows 10 or Windows 11.
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![]() The language-related clipart aids in vocabulary building. Review by clipart here is perfect for my ESL classes. I suggest adding a feature for teachers to submit their own clipart creations, fostering a sense of community among educators." The ability to customize the clipart according to specific themes has been immensely helpful. "As a middle school teacher, I appreciate the creativity and versatility of the clipart available on this website. Adding a 'virtual classroom essentials' section with clipart tailored for online teaching would be highly beneficial." The high-resolution images ensure clear visuals in virtual classrooms. Review by clipart on this website has become an integral part of my online teaching materials. Over these years, we have gathered a tremendous amount of your feedback, and we are pleased to share it with you. ![]() Join us in celebrating the beauty of Precious Moments through colors, adding your unique flair to these timeless treasures! ✨ĭear users of the clipart-library website, this year marks the 7th anniversary of our website. Perfect for kids, adults, and anyone seeking a delightful escape into a world of innocence and wonder, these printable pages are yours to explore, share, and color to your heart's content.ĭownload, print, and embark on a coloring adventure that captures the essence of joy and nostalgia. Unleash your inner artist, blending hues, and bringing these beloved illustrations to life with your personal touch. Whether you're a seasoned artist or just starting your coloring journey, these pages offer something special for everyone. From adorable children playing and cuddly animals to heartwarming scenes, these coloring pages are a canvas for your creativity. □Įxperience the magic of these timeless characters, capturing the essence of love, friendship, and cherished moments. Welcome to a world of endearing joy! Dive into our collection of free printable Precious Moments coloring pages, where imagination knows no bounds. And if you're looking for more activities for your children, explore our Christmas Word Searches, Christmas Word Scramble, and Bible Word Search Puzzles.Collection of Free Printable Precious Moments Coloring Pages (23) Looking for more Christmas pages? Check out our collection of Printable Christmas Cards, plus a huge range of messages and wishes to help you write your greetings too.Īnd don't forget to check out our fabulous free printable letter to Santa templates, and you can even personalize your own letter from Santa reply too!ĭoes your family have an Elf on the Shelf? If so, you might be interested in our Free Printable Elf Goodbye Letter.įor more festive fun, dive into laughter with our Christmas Jokes, Snow Puns, and Winter Jokes for Kids. And don't forget our snazzy ornament templates and frosty snowflake designs! ![]() It's like wrapping learning in a holiday bow! □□❄️įrom adorable doodles perfect for toddlers and preschoolers to intricate zentangles for the older, more patient artists (yeah, we're talking to you, teens and adults!), there's a page just waiting for a splash of color. So, while they're gleefully coloring away, they're also gearing up their tiny fingers for bigger tasks ahead. Got a to-do list as long as Santa's? These pages are the perfect solution to keep little hands busy and sparkling eyes focused, giving you those precious moments to prep and prance around for the festivities.īut here's the snow-covered cherry on top: beyond the holiday fun, coloring sharpens fine motor skills, setting them up for better penmanship and precision in tasks. Christmas coloring pages aren't just vibrant splashes of holiday cheer they're little parcels of learning and excitement! As the countdown to the big day begins, coloring these festive sheets can ignite the Christmas spirit in young hearts, building anticipation with every splash of color. Upon completion of your event calendar, you can easily save, email, or print it out.įor those who are looking for an online calendar, the December 2020 calendar PDF is also an option. Meetings, and reminders on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis. It allow you to add any type of events, schedules, On the other hand, the December 2020 calendar Word versions are another great variation. You can easily download and save these calendars to your computer or other devices and The December 2020 calendar Excel formats are best for maintaining an online calendar. ![]() These high-quality monthly calendars are allĮditable, printable, and downloadable calendars. You can also print or download as many calendar templates as you want. You can choose whichever design or style you prefer to have. It’s available in multiple designs, giving you variety of options to select from. The free December 2020 calendars can be downloaded in PDF, Word, or Excel format. All rights reserved.About our December 2020 Monthly Calendar Templates ![]() Starfall® and ® are registered trademarks in the U.S., the European Union, and various other countries.Ĭopyright © 2002– 2018 by Starfall Education and its licensors. The Starfall Website is a program service of Starfall Education Foundation, a publicly supported nonprofit organization, 501(c)(3). The teacher-guided and child-directed nature of our curriculum products ensures English language learners and struggling readers learn alongside their peers. Our methodology motivates children in an atmosphere of imagination and play. Our Starfall Kindergarten Math, English Language Arts, and Pre-K curricula are all available for purchase in the Starfall Store ™, and as downloads in our Parent-Teacher Center ™. Our new Starfall Parent-Teacher Center ™ is available free for everyone and includes supplemental custom worksheets, curriculum downloads, informative guides, all the latest Starfall news and much more for our grownup audience. Your child will have fun learning essential reading and math skills through exploration! Your membership fee ensures that we can continue to provide Classic Starfall free of charge and offer low-cost, high-quality, educational resources to classrooms. ![]() ![]() Our low-cost membership program expands the free content you already enjoy to include delightfully animated songs, mathematics, and reading activities spanning pre-k to 2nd grade. Starfall is an educational alternative to other entertainment choices for children. Our systematic approach, in conjunction with audiovisual interactivity, is perfect for preschool, kindergarten, first grade, second grade, special education, homeschool, and English language development (ELD, ELL, ESL). Starfall has been teaching children to read with phonics for well over a decade. On July 1, 2015, the Polis-Schutz family donated their full interest in Starfall to the Starfall Education Foundation. The website opened in September of 2002 as a free public service and social enterprise supported by the Polis-Schutz family. ![]() That's about all there is to a game of classic solitaire. I like this option the most, however, if you want to go the traditional route, you can change the option so that 3 cards are flipped at a time. The default is to only flip 1 card over at a time. Similarly, there is some flexibility with how cards are drawn from the stock pile (the top left pile of cards). If you wish to use the second option, then check out the Options menu and look for the option that allows any card on a tableau pile. King, Queen, … 3, 2).ĭepending upon the rules you play with, whenever you free up a blank space, you may place a King or you may place any card you wish to. red, black, red) and by descending order (e.g. Valid moves in the tableau pile are by alternating color (e.g. And how do you uncover face down cards? By moving the cards on top. Whenever you uncover a face down card, you immediately turn it over to reveal it. The next pile has 1 face up, and 1 face down, the next has 1 face up, and 2 face down, and so on. The left most pile has a single face up card and zero face down cards. In order to win at classic solitaire, you'll have to master using the stock and the tableau piles to your advantage. only Diamonds can go in one pile).īut of course, nothing is so simple as moving cards into the foundation piles without making some other moves first. The foundation piles are ordered from Ace to King (i.e., Ace, 2, 3, … Jack, Queen, King), and must be arranged by suit (e.g. The object of classic solitaire is to move all of the cards into the 4 piles in the upper right: the foundation piles. However it is that you came to learn to play this game, you probably don't need me to teach you the rules. Maybe you're old school enough that you were taught how to play this awesome game with an actual card deck. ).What is classic solitaire? Well, when generally when someone says the word "solitaire", this version of the game is the first thing that comes to mind. Pyramid Solitaire Ancient Egypt can be played in all modern browsers, on all device types (desktop, tablet, mobile), and on all operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS. ![]() If you like playing Pyramid Solitaire Ancient Egypt, you can also have a look at TriPeaks Solitaire, which is also in the Adding & Pairing solitaire games category. Pyramid Solitaire was used as inspiration for Giza Solitaire. There are no official or right rules for Pyramid Solitaire, but we prefer the rules we used for our implementation because they are a good combination of skill and luck. Variations allow to reset the stock and/or they only have one waste pile. There are many different versions of Pyramid Solitaire. Note that using the undo button does not impact your score. (Bonus) Incremental round number bonus: round number * 1,000 points.(Bonus) Time bonus shown in the top left corner: counts down from 20,000 points to 0 while playing.(Bonus) Removal of all cards, so not only the pyramid but also the cards in the stock & waste: 15,000 points.Removal of a pair of cards or a King: 500 points. ![]() Complete different rounds after each other to improve your score. Pyramid Solitaire Ancient Egypt has several scoring rules that reward quick play and good strategy. If you are still unsure about which moves are allowed, follow the in-game tutorial. Undo a move by clicking the undo button in the bottom right corner.Move an open card from the pyramid or the waste to the temporary card storage in the bottom left.Note that resetting the stock is not possible. Flip the stock to reveal three additional cards that will be added to the three waste piles.Kings count as 13 and can be removed by simply clicking on them.The valid pairs are: Ace & Queen, Two & Jack, Three & Ten, Four & Nine, Five & Eight, Four & Nine. Aces count as 1, Jacks as 11 and Queens as 12.It doesn’t matter where the cards are, you can pair cards that are in the pyramid, in the waste or in the temporary card storage. don’t have another card on top of them, can be paired. Pairing is done by first clicking on the first card and then on the second card. The remaining cards are put face-down in the stock. Layout & dealįirst, 28 cards are dealt face-up in the shape of a pyramid, with the cards partially overlapping. The objective in Pyramid Solitaire is to remove all cards in the pyramid by pairing cards that add up to 13. Family: Adding & Pairing Solitaire Games. You may not need to try them all, just work your way down until you get the best approach for you. Here, we are going to put together the three most common ways to find and download HP ENVY 4500 drivers for Windows 11, 10, 8, 7. ![]() HP ENVY 4500 Printer Driver Download and Update: DONE Methods to Download, Install and Update HP ENVY 4500 Printer Driver for Windows This post shows you the best ways to perform the HP ENVY 4500 driver download and installation task in no time. Therefore, it is crucial to update the corresponding drivers from time to time so that the device can work appropriately as expected. When HP ENVY 4500 printer drivers either goes missing or become out of date, you may face issues with your printer. HP ENVY 4500 comes with some pre-installed drivers that let the printer communicate with the Windows operating system accurately. Well, this usually happens when you haven’t updated your printer drivers for a long time. But, have you ever wondered, why does the printer become unresponsive? Recently, a lot of users have complained about the improper functioning of the printer. Despite being a high-grade printer, it still has lags and flaws. The printer is suitable for both home and small enterprises. ![]() HP ENVY 4500 is a multifunction printer and is one of the most regarded 3-in-1 inkjet printers. Read this comprehensive guide to perform HP ENVY 4500 driver download and update on Windows PC without any hassles. Much of this work has been done in aprotic, water-free RTILs. 1, 10, 11, 14 - 22 Significant work in the area of the reduction of oxygen 19, 23 - 29 and oxidation of hydrogen 30 - 32 has been studied in a variety of RTILs. 14, 15 Since this discovery RTILs have been an area of increased study for use in PEM-HFCs. It was first reported in 2003 that Brønstead acid-base type RTILs are suitable electrolytes for fuel cells. 1, 2, 8, 10, 11 At these high temperatures the carbon monoxide poisoning of the platinum catalyst is reduced due to the thermal instability of the Pt–CO surface products, 13 allowing lower grade hydrogen fuel sources to be used.Ĭost could further be reduced if a supplementary polymer membrane, or a liquid membrane cell, could be developed eliminating the need for the Nafion altogether. ![]() 1, 2, 6 - 12 The membranes that incorporate imidazole- or imidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are an attractive subset of these membranes, as they are conductive at temperatures of 100☌ or higher using dry gases. ![]() To increase the operating temperature of a PEM-HFC, Nafion membranes containing imidazolium salts, 1, 2 silica, 3 poly(tetrafluoroethylene), 4 zirconium phosphate, 5 and sulfated zirconia 5 have been explored in addition to alternative polymer membranes. These limitations add to the overall cost of Nafion-based PEM-HFCs. In addition, the low operating temperature requires ultrapure hydrogen gas to be supplied to the anode in order to prevent poisoning of the platinum catalyst. At higher temperatures the water in the Nafion membrane evaporates and the membrane loses its ability to conduct protons. A low operating temperature is necessary to keep the Nafion membrane hydrated. Current drawbacks preventing the wide scale adoption of PEM-HFCs include the high cost of the Nafion membrane used in these devices and the low operating temperatures ( < 80☌). Proton exchange membrane hydrogen fuel cells (PEM-HFCs) are among the most attractive sources of alternative power due to their high output power density. ![]() These studies give further insight into the possible mechanism of proton transport in these RTIL systems.Īn increase in global energy demand coupled with the escalating costs of petroleum-based energy has prompted a growing interest in developing alternatives to fossil fuels. The water structure in these RTILs was examined using attenuated total internal reflection Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and depended on the chemical structure of the cation. The efficiency of the C 12mimBETI increased upon removal of water while that of the C 12imBETI decreased in efficiency when water was removed. The effect of water content on the reaction rates and thermodynamics of these hydrophobic RTILs was also examined. However, when used in the electrochemical system the protic water-equilibrated C 12imBETI had a larger maximum current and power density compared to the aprotic water-equilibrated C 12mimBETI. The ionic conductivities of C 12mimBETI and C 12imBETI were similar and increased linearly with an increase in temperature from 20 to 130☌. In this study 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium (C 12mim) bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (BETI) and 1-dodecylimidazolium (C 12im) BETI hydrophobic room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) were synthesized and used as proton-conducting electrolytes in a nonhumidified feed gas electrochemical cell. These Spartans, with their helots or slaves, made up his own share of the numbers, but all the army was under his generalship. He was allowed by law to take with him 300 men, and these he chose most carefully, not merely for their strength and valor, but selecting those who had sons, so that no family might be altogether destroyed. Leonidas had already made up his mind that the expedition would probably be his death, perhaps because a prophecy had been given at the Temple at Delphi that Sparta should be saved by the death of one of her kings of the race of Hercules. The leader of them was Leonidas, who had newly become one of the two kings of Sparta, the city that above all in Greece trained its sons to be hardy soldiers, dreading death infinitely less than shame. The troops sent for this purpose were from different cities, and amounted to about 4,000 who were to keep the pass against two millions. Julieta, 38, who asked that only her first name be used out of fear for her safety, told The Times she arrived in Tijuana from Colombia with her 19-year-old son.Adapted from The Fight at the Pass of Thermopylæ by Charlotte M. Immigration and Customs Enforcement facility in Texas, where she experienced medical complications. He later learned she had been transferred to a U.S. The husband was released without his wife at the San Ysidro Transit Center and returned to the center for weeks, hoping to find her. In another case, a husband and wife were separated during Customs and Border Protection processing. The husband was released just across the border from Tijuana in San Diego’s San Ysidro district without his wife, who had been transferred to a detention facility in Louisiana and was deported before she could speak with a local attorney. In one case documented by Al Otro Lado, a husband and wife from Colombia were taken into Border Patrol custody in September. Migrants forced to stay in Mexico by Trump remain separated from children in the U.S. World & Nation Biden vowed to end Trump’s ‘Remain in Mexico’ policy, but families are still being separated “If the guidance truly is in furtherance of CBP’s stated commitment to maintaining unity of families, then in practice it should be implemented in a way that allows for families to report and have documented their relationships in accordance with the realities of people who are forced to flee their countries,” said Monika Langarica, an attorney with the Center for Immigration Law and Policy at UCLA. Agents are required under the guidance to consider any verifiable documentation acknowledging such relationships and to link those individuals as a family group, with the goal of processing them out of custody together. ![]() The guidance included in the memo pertains to parents or guardians with unmarried adult children up to age 25, grandparents with unmarried adult grandchildren up to age 25 and spouses and unmarried adult siblings up to age 25. The settlement doesn’t affect family separations like those documented by Al Otro Lado, which the group believes are undercounted.Īn April 20 Customs and Border Protection memo obtained by The Times, which offers guidance on processing family groups, states that Homeland Security is “committed to protecting the unity of families encountered at the border to the extent legally and operationally feasible.” The groups are also asking that Homeland Security agents document all relationships among family groups and ensure families are released together, or to communicate the whereabouts of any family members that aren’t released at the same time. ![]() To prevent further separations, the organizations are asking Homeland Security to broaden the definition of a family group under agency practice to include parents with adult children, couples without marriage certificates, adult siblings and extended family members. “The trauma families experience during the periods of separation is compounded by CBP’s lack of communication and the near-total opacity of their practices,” states the letter to the Department of Homeland Security’s office of civil rights and civil liberties, which was also signed by the ACLU Foundation of San Diego and Imperial Counties, and Jewish Family Service of San Diego. ![]() Immigrant advocates’ letter to the Department of Homeland Security requesting investigation of family separations at border near San Diego. 14, 2023 letter to Department of Homeland Security from immigrant advocates ![]() So why wouldn't the same be true for you too, even if you've never played any of these endless runner games 3d before? We are extremely happy to be able to share it with you all for free because we have all thoroughly enjoyed playing it from beginning to end. Honk Kong is the newest city you can explore through the Subway Surfers World Tour Games series on our website. Houston, there is no problem only good news! The most recent city that players on our website have the chance to enjoy exploring through new Subway Surfers World Tour Games, games that we always make sure to bring over as often as possible, is this highly-popular city from Texas, from where NASA sends people out into space on rockets! The most recent location we invite you to explore is Marrakesh. The Subway Surfers World Tour Games series, as the name implies, takes you on a journey through the largest capital cities in nations all over the world where you get to explore their subway systems while being pursued by a police officer for doing graffiti. Since not all of you have access to easy travel, the next best thing you could do is explore this city by playing online Subway Surfers World Tour Games, like you are doing right now with this edition that features this city! Without a doubt, Saint Petersburg ranks among the most picturesque cities in all of Russia, particularly in the winter. We want to give you the opportunity to travel the entire world in our series of Subway Surfers Games online for browsers, which you can find on our website. Our administrative team is excited to share with you the game called Subway Surfers Zurich, where you visit this very important city in Switzerland, right now. Are you prepared for a brief online vacation? How to master Subway Surfers You can now visit Bali through this 3D endless runner game without ever having to leave your seat in front of your computer or phone. Our administrative team is excited to continue the Subway Surfers World Tour by inviting you to the most recent exotic location in these 3D endless runner games, which is the wonderful Peru, where we know you will have a blast from beginning to end.īali, one of the world's most well-known tourist destinations, is the current location of the Subway Surfers World Tour Games series. We are thrilled to give you the opportunity to embark on an adventure through this city with this fantastic new endless runner game called Subway Surfers: Havana! Havana is the capital city of Cuba and one of the most beautiful cities in the entire world, but it's also a city that most people can't travel to how they want and when they want to. The possibility of beating your friends' highest scores only encourages the competitiveness in every game you play.Zurich Bali Berlin Buenos Aires Havana Hong Kong Houston London Marrakesh Monaco New Orleans Peru Saint Petersburg San Francisco Seoul Washington ![]() Subway Surfers (GameLoop) invites you to enjoy the adrenaline and excitement that comes from this successful game. This is clearly one of the games within the genre that's been most carefully designed. The visual section of this PC version of Subway Surfers looks super neat, and each character and setting are presented in 3D. With the rewards you earn, you can get special skills to make your protagonist even faster. These missions help you earn more points but don't forget to collect the coins waiting for you in each lane. Subway Surfers (GameLoop) also challenges you to complete different missions. That means you only have a few microseconds to make decisions. Staying focused is super important as the obstacles appear one after the other non-stop. Basically, you have to make gestures using your mouse to slide the character in the correct direction. The control system is the same as the mobile version. With this version of Subway Surfers (GameLoop), you can enjoy one of the best endless runners directly on your PC. You don't need any special knowledge, as the tool automatically installs everything you need to play itself. This installer downloads its own emulator along with the Subway Surfers (GameLoop), letting you play on Windows by adapting its control system to mouse and keyboard. ![]() The GameLoop tool from the Tencent studio lets you run Android games on PC. ![]() This is still lower than our Cinemagraph Pro for Mac software at $299.99 (Our Flixel Cloud Web+Apps plan is available for only $199.99 annually, which provides access to both versions and our hosting and streaming service), but it bucks the trend of providing mobile apps for free or next-to-free, regardless of how rich the feature set. Our mobile app is equally as feature-rich as the desktop app (there’s only a slight feature differentiation), so as of today we’ve raised the price of the mobile app from USD $49.99 to $249.99. Today, with products like the iPad Pro and iPhone 6s, mobile devices are as powerful as the MacBook Pro, yet there’s still a disparity between iOS and Mac apps - both in features and in price - and we’ve decided to address both. The app is designed as a pro-level tool, used by the world’s best photographers, videographers and leading brands. ![]() More importantly, this latest update brings the mobile app up to the same quality as the desktop app, transforming your iPhone or iPad into a professional mobile cinemagraph studio. In February we released the latest version of our Cinemagraph Pro for iOS app, and version 4 adds support for Apple’s 3D Touch and Live Photos features, the Apple Pencil, and 4K video. If you have any question/suggestion please contact us and let us know your opinion.This post originally appeared on the Flixel blog.Īt Flixel we’ve always been committed to helping photographers, videographers, and marketers create cinemagraphs, and we’ve always prided ourselves on the rich feature set in our mobile app. Share your final video in motion result with your friends on social networks, facebook, instagram whatsapp and more. You can change the size and hardness of the brush. Make it a bounce or repeat loop, and easily adjust the video speed. You did a mistake? no problem you can undo or redo as you please.Ī manifier appears when you brush, or for more precision you can zoom in to get more control over the painting. Pick your video from your gallery or record using the camera and cut the perfect part of the video.Ĭhoose your perfect still frame from the video or choose another image from your phone gallery.Ĭreate your cinemagraph in real-time with magical "live-masking" that reveals motion as you paint over the still image, or restore it by switching to eraser brush. You don't need to be a videomaking expert, our photo in motion effect make your videos unique and let your content stand out from the others. ★ User friendly UI & Stunning video effects (Photo in motion) With Flapix you can now create your own high quality, professional living photos in mere minutes on the fly with your android device.Īll you need to create cinemagraph video effect easily and fast is your phone and Flapix app, we also recommend a tripod or a way to keep your camera stable. With Flapix you can create professional cinemagraph video motions effect on the go, easily and with simple steps and all that for free.Ĭinematography used to be difficult to create. ![]() it lives between the world of photos and video.Ī cinemagraph blend photography and videography together, composed like a photo, and brought to life with a subtle hint of motion that mesmerizes audiences. Flapix is a free pro-level app most of the top photographers use to create stunning cinemagraphs and moving photos, an exciting medium that is changing the face of photography, social media and advertising. ![]() Otherwise, we will see growing numbers of dogs born with serious genetically inherited health problems." We hope that following our work, dog breeders will make it a high priority to increase the genetic diversity within different breeds. Professor David Balding, the corresponding author of the research from the Division of Epidemiology, Public Health and Primary Care at Imperial College London, said: "The idea that inbreeding causes health problems in particular dog breeds is not a new one, but we believe ours is the first scientific study to explore this issue and analyse the extent of inbreeding in a systematic way, across many breeds. They suggest measures such as limiting how many times a popular dog can father litters encouraging mating across national and continental boundaries and relaxing breed rules to permit breeding outside the pedigree. The researchers argue that those involved in breeding dogs should encourage breeding from a larger pool of potential mates in order to create greater genetic variation and lessen dogs' chances of inheriting genetic disorders. Such small effective population sizes mean that the chances of a dog breeding with a close relative, resulting in birth defects and genetically inherited health problems, are high. In the Rough Collie breed, 12,000 dogs looked in genetic terms like a population of about 50. The researchers' analysis showed that, for example, Boxer dogs were so closely related to one another and had such little genetic variation between them that genetically, 20,000 dogs looked like a population of about 70. They looked at the parentage of eight generations of dogs, using records collected from 1970 to the present day by the UK Kennel Club. For this study, researchers from Imperial used mathematical modelling to analyse how dogs were related to one another within ten different dog breeds including the Boxer and Rough Collie. However, the defect may become common in later generations if his grandpuppies and great grandpuppies are mated with each other, rather than introducing new genetic traits by breeding outside their relatives.Īlthough the problems associated with inbreeding have been known for many years, prior to the new study it had not been systematically measured. If a popular sire carries just one defective copy, he will not show the problem himself and nor will his puppies. Recessive genetic variants only have adverse health effects such as deafness when an individual carries two defective copies of the gene. German shepherd dogs are prone to an abnormal development of the hip joints Over generations, more and more dogs across a particular pedigree are related to one another and the chances of relatives mating increase. When dogs from these litters come to be mated, some will be paired with dogs having the same father from other litters. Inbreeding in pedigree dogs arises because certain dogs, prized for exhibiting the characteristics desirable for that breed, are used to father many litters of puppies. For example, Dalmatian dogs are predisposed to deafness, many Boxer dogs have problems with heart disease, and disproportionate numbers of German Shepherd dogs have an abnormal developmentof the hip joints known as hip dysplasia. ![]() Particular dog breeds are believed to be prone to particular health problems and birth defects. ![]() These issues and the researchers' findings are highlighted in an upcoming TV programme entitled "Pedigree dogs exposed," which will air on BBC One on Tuesday 19 August 2008 at 21.00 BST.
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